Advances in Energy Sciences and Technologies

Advances in Energy Sciences and Technologies

Integrated passive active design towards Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB): A life cycle and circularity perspective

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
No. 350, Hafez Ave, Valiasr Square, Tehran, Iran
10.22060/aest.2026.25901.1007
Abstract
This study investigates the life cycle environmental performance of a large office building (11,400 m²) in Tehran’s semi arid climate towards NZEB. A sequential simulation framework is developed: DesignBuilder for passive optimization (EPS insulation, PCM, multi layer green roof) and HOMER Pro for a 273 kWp grid connected PV system without battery storage. A cradle to grave LCA (One Click LCA, EN 15978) and circularity assessment are performed over a 60 year service life. The best passive configuration reduces total energy demand by 11.8%. Adding PV cuts annual grid electricity purchase by 65.5% (from 271.1 to 171.2 MWh), making the building a net electricity exporter (110.6% annual penetration). Although the active scenario increases embodied carbon by 16% (from 6,887 to 7,990 t CO₂e), it lowers operational carbon by 58.7% (from 30,871 to 12,755 t CO₂e), resulting in a 44.7% lower total life cycle GWP (20,902 vs. 37,758 t CO₂e). The carbon payback of the full passive active package is only 5 years. A negative trade off for PCM is observed (+154 t total carbon vs. EPS only), and circularity improves from 11.5% to 13% material return to cycle. The proposed battery less passive active framework demonstrates a fast repaying, low carbon NZEB pathway suitable for developing countries with unstable grids. The findings also caution against using PCM in climates where EPS already provides effective insulation.

Graphical Abstract

Integrated passive active design towards Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB): A life cycle and circularity perspective
Keywords
Subjects

References
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Volume 2, Issue 1
Summer 2026
Pages 1-25

  • Receive Date 22 May 2026
  • Revise Date 19 June 2026
  • Accept Date 22 June 2026
  • Publish Date 01 July 2026